Author :
Abstract
Şehirler yapısı nedeniyle son yıllarda iklim değişikliğinden büyük ölçüde etkilenmektedir. Bu etkilerin kent sakinleri üzerinde olumsuz etkileri bulunmaktadır ve bu noktada bu olumsuzlukların giderilmesi için özellikle yerel yönetimlere ve tasarımcılara büyük görevler düşmektedir. İklim değişikliği dışında da kentlerin mevcut iklimsel özelliklerini göz önünde bulunduran mekânsal düzenlemeler önemlidir. İklime duyarlı bir tasarım anlayışıyla kent mekanının kalitesi ve kullanılabilirliğini arttırmak mümkündür. Sıcaklık, nem, rüzgar gibi hava koşulları kent sakinlerinin kent mekanında bulunma ve kalma süreleri üzerinde etkilidir. Bu hava koşullarını olumluya dönüştürecek tasarım ilkelerinin geliştirilmesi ile kentsel mekan daha yaşanabilir ve canlı hale gelecek, sosyal ve kültürel aktiviteler için daha konforlu mekanlar oluşacaktır. Çalışma kapsamında mekanların tasarım sürecinde iklime duyarlı tasarım ilkelerinin geliştirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Özellikle kışın güneşten, yazın gölgeden faydalanma tasarım sürecinde önem kazanmaktadır. Ayrıca rüzgar ve nemin olumsuz etkilerini ortadan kaldıracak veya aza indirecek tasarım fikirleri geliştirilmelidir. Binalar arasındaki mesafe, binaların konumlandırılması, fiziksel form, ağaç, bitki ve su varlığının kullanılması, yüzey malzemelerindeki seçimler ile mevcut iklimsel koşulları olumlu hale getirmek mümkündür.
Keywords
Abstract
Cities have been greatly affected by climate change in recent years due to their structure. These effects have negative effects on the residents of the city, and at this point, local governments and designers have great duties to eliminate these negative effects. Apart from climate change, spatial arrangements that take into account the current climatic characteristics of cities are important. It is possible to increase the quality and usability of urban space with a climate-sensitive design approach. Weather conditions such as temperature, humidity and wind are effective on the usage and duration of the usage of city residents in the city space. With the development of design principles that will transform these weather conditions into positive, the urban space will become more livable and lively, and more comfortable spaces will be created for social and cultural activities. Within the scope of the study, it is aimed to develop climate sensitive design principles in the design process of spaces. In particular, benefiting from the sun in the winter and the shade in the summer gains importance in the design process. Also, design ideas should be developed to eliminate or minimize the negative effects of wind and humidity. It is possible to make the existing climatic conditions favorable with the distance between the buildings, the positioning of the buildings, the use of physical form, the presence of trees, plants and water, and the choices in the surface materials.
Keywords
- Alcoforado, M.J., Andrade, H., Lopes, A. and Vasconcelos, J. (2009). Application of climatic guidelines to
- Alcoforado, M.J., Andrade, H., Lopes, A. and Vasconcelos, J. (2009). Application of climatic guidelines to urban planning The example of Lisbon (Portugal). Landscape and Urban Planning, 90: 56–65.
- Carmona, M., Heath, T., Oc, T. and Tiesdell, S. (2003). Public Places –Urban Spaces The Dimensions ofUrban Design. Architectural Press, Amsterdam, Boston, Heidelberg, London, New York, Oxford, Paris, San Diego, San Francisco, Singapore, Sydney, Tokyo.
- Chen, L., and Ng, E. (2012). Outdoor thermal comfort and outdoor activities: A review of research in the past decade. Cities, 29: 118-125.
- Eliasson, I. (2000). The use of climate knowledge in urban planning. Landscape and Urban Planning, 48: 31±44.
- Foshaga, K., Aeschbacha, N., Höfled, B., Winklere, R., Siegmundf, A. and Aeschbachb, W. (2020).Viability of public spaces in cities under increasing heat: A transdisciplinary approach. Sustainable Cities and Society, 59, 102215.
- Huang, K.T., Lin, T.P. and Lien, H.C. (2015). Investigating Thermal Comfort and User Behaviors inOutdoor Spaces: A Seasonal and Spatial Perspective. Hindawi Publishing Corporation Advances in Meteorology, 2015: 4-14.
- Javadi, H. (2016). Sustainable Urban Public Squares. European Journal of Sustainable Development, 5(3): 361-370.
- Johansson, E., Yahia, M.W., Arroyo, I. and Bengs, C. (2018). Outdoor thermal comfort in public space in warm-humid Guayaquil, Ecuador. Int J Biometeorol, 62:387–399.
- Katzschner, L. (2006). Microclimatic Thermal Comfort Analysis in Cities for Urban Planning and Open Space Design;Network for Comfort and Energy Use in Buildings NCUB: London, UK.
- Katzschner, L. (2004). Open space design strategies based on thermal comfort analysis. Proceedings PLEA, International Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture, pp. 47-52.
- Li, K., Zhang, Y. and Zhao, L. (2016). Outdoor thermal comfort and activities in the urban residentialcommunity in a humid subtropical area of China. Energy and Buildings, 133(1): 498-511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.10.013.
- Nouri, A.S. (2015). A Framework of Thermal Sensitive Urban Design Benchmarks: Potentiating the Longevity of Auckland’s Public Realm. Buildings, 5:252-281.
- Nouri, A.S. (2018). Addressing urban outdoor thermal comfort thresholds through public space design, Abottom-up interdisciplinary research approach for thermal sensitive urban design in an era of climate change:The case of Lisbon. Ramo de Urbanismo, Tese especialmente elaborada para a obtenção do grau de doutor.
- Nouri, A.S., Lopes, A., Costa, J.P. and Matzarakis, A. (2018). Confronting potential future augmentations ofthe physiologically equivalent temperature through public space design: The case of Rossio, Lisbon. Sustainable Cities and Society, 37: 7-25.
- Rinchumphu, D., Phichetkunbodee, N., Pomsurin, N., Sundaranaga, C., Tepweerakun, S. and Chaichana, C.(2021). Outdoor Thermal Comfort Improvement of Campus Public Space. Advances in Technology Innovation, 6(2): 128-136.
- Shaftoe, H. (2008). Convivial Urban Spaces Creating Effective Public Places. Earthscan in the UK and USA.Sharifa, E. and Bolanda, J. (2017). Heat resilience in public space and its applications in healthy and low carbon cities. Procedia Engineering, 180: 944 – 954.
- Sharifa, E. and Bolanda, J. (2020). Passive activity observation (PAO) method to estimate outdoor thermaladaptation in public space: case studies in Australian cities. International Journal of Biometeorology, 64:231–242.
- Smith, P. and Henriquez, C. (2019). Public Spaces as Climate Justice Places? Climate Quality in the City of Chilla´n, Chile. Environmental Justice, Volume 00, Number 00.
- Yezioro, A., Capeluto, I.G. and Shaviv, E. (2006). Design guidelines for appropriate insolation of urban squares. Renewable Energy, 31:1011–1023.
- URL-1. https://rwdi.com/en_ca/insights/thought-leadership/how-urban-planners-can-leverage-microclimate- and-thermal-comfort-to-create-high-quality-outdoor-public-spaces. Erişim tarihi: 14.11.2021
