SOCIAL MENTALITY AND RESEARCHER THINKERS JOURNAL (SMART JOURNAL), Year 2022 Issue 60

Role Of Heritage In The Sustainable Development Of Historical Cities - Modern Approach In The Context Of Baku City

Çiğdem BOGENÇ Narmin AHGAYEVA — 2026-07-16

The paper is dedicated to study of the problems of development of historically established cities, and also interconnections and demonstration through the reconstruction and restoration of historical monuments in Azerbaijan by means of an example of Baku. The approach with a focus on the historical urban landscapes is not be restricted to preservation of physical environment, but is concentrated on the entirety of human habitat in all its tangible and intangible manifestations. It is focused on increase of stability improvement of the planning and development of the events with respect to existing built-up environment, intangible heritage, cultural diversity, social economic and ecological factors, and also the values of local communities. There are considered the principles of formation of historical cities. The influence of the architectural environment, and also formation and development of the architectural ensembles is indicated. The connection between the permanence of the architectural character of the city and historical monuments was established. Cities are dynamic structures. Not a single ‘historical’ city in the world retained its ‘original’ uniqueness: the concept itself is like an elusive goal designed to change with society. In order to preserve historic urban landscapes, it is necessary to create strategic and dynamic partnerships between various members of town living, primarily between city governments and developers and entrepreneurs working in it. Different approaches such as economic, ecological, social and cultural ones oriented on the heritage do not conflict, but complement each other and such correlation is critical to their successful realization on a long-term horizon.

An Investigation Of The Effect Of Gift Satisfaction And Causality Perceptions On The Customer Intention To Prefer The Business: A Research In Kırıkkale

İbrahim BOZACI — 2026-07-16

Gift giving is common in business life and businesses invest in gifts for customers. The issue of what the effectiveness of giving gifts to the customer depends on has attracted the attention of marketing researchers. Because, determining what the role of gifts in reaching goals depends on, will contribute to businesses to perform these activities more effectively. This study was conducted to examine the effect of customer satisfaction with the gifts given to the customer and the attributions toward the reason for the gift, on the intention to choose the business. In this way, the possible role of causality perceptions in understanding the effects of gift giving in this context is questioned. Within the scope of the research, a survey was conducted in Kırıkkale province and the primary data obtained were analyzed with statistical package program. As a result of the analysis, it has been determined that the altruistic attributions toward gift giving and the satisfaction of the gift affect the intention to choose the business. Finally, the research findings were interpreted and suggestions were made to researchers and businesses.

The Effect Of Turkey And Egypt Relations On The Eastern Mediterranean Maritime Jurisdictions

Gökben GİDEMENAlpaslan ATEŞ — 2026-07-16

Egypt and Turkey are two Eastern Mediterranean countries with a common history. As a result of the political tensions between the two countries recently, a sensitive turn has been entered and relations have almost come to the breaking point. Today, especially as a result of the importance of the Eastern Mediterranean, Turkey and Egypt have had to take steps that will not comply with their national interests, because of the tension between the region countries. The aim of this study is to examine the political and economic relations between Egypt and Turkey in the last decennial period and to examine what the advantages that this cooperation will provide to countries in the event of possible cooperation.

Investigation Of The Relationship Between University Students' Game Addiction, Personal Characteristics, And Stress Management During The Covid-19 Period

Emine DURAN — 2026-07-16

The aim of the study is to examine the relationship between university students' game addiction, personality traits and coping styles with stress during the COVID-19 period. The research was carried out according to the relational screening design, one of the quantitative research designs. The research consists of 398 students, 277 (69.6%) female and 121 (30.4%) male, studying in different faculties, departments and classes at various state universities. Data collection tools used in obtaining research data; The Personal Information Form is the Game Addiction Scale, the Five Factor Personality Scale, and the Stress Coping Styles Scale. Pearson product-moment correlation technique was used in the study to examine the relationship between dependent and independent variables. In addition, the predictive power of personality traits and coping styles on game addiction was tested using multiple regression analysis. According to the results of the correlation analysis, university students; It was determined that there was a significant negative relationship between game addiction and personality traits, and between game addiction and stress coping styles. In addition, a significant positive relationship was found between personality traits and styles of coping with stress. According to the results of the regression analysis, personality traits and styles of coping with stress significantly predict the game addiction levels of university students. Findings indicate that personality traits and styles of coping with stress are important predictors of game addiction. As a result, individuals with high scores on coping with stress and personality traits have lower scores on the game addiction scale.

Metaphoric Elements In The “Saadet Ülkesi” Of Tevfik Fikret

Birsel SAĞIROĞLU — 2026-07-16

In this article, the “Green Yurt” poem of Tevfik Fikret (1867-1915) is set out and it is aimed to obtain some implications in terms of the metaphorical expressions of the poem. In poetry, the desire to "escape" and "asylum somewhere" infiltrate the works with an invocative language and some partnerships come to the fore. Fikret uses the same track in his poems "Ne İsterim", "Bir An-ı Huzur" and "Ömr-i Muhayyel" as "schema" and automatically. Thus, it is easier to obtain comprehensive data on the metaphorical structure of poetry / poems. The narrator / subject is in search / image of peaceful space. The narrator, who travels in an imaginary space, treats eternal bliss with peaceful, similar linguistic-conceptual structures and recursively. Therefore, some data can be obtained between the semantic / conceptual dimension based on external reality and the metaphorical language that shook this dimension. The basic conceptual metaphor of “nature gives peace to man” in poetry is typically studied in linguistic expression, and unusual metaphorical references cannot be mentioned in poetry. A conceptual metaphor representing the culture, has consisted of expressions belonging to a “schema” in the linguistic metaphoric plane, and obtained a familiar expansion-depth rather than unusual forms in poetry. An ordinary metaphor in the form of “nature gives peace” in the poem, which reveals a common perception in those who read poem, combines with a frequently used image in the form of “green and quiet village” and the metaphoric field expands. Therefore, an "ordinary" thought bearing the traces of culture has been transformed into a "customary" language. In the study, the way that the conceptual takes place in the imaginary is examined and the metaphorical structure of the poem is evaluated in the context of “cognitive theory”. Thus, some implications have been obtained in terms of hidden and inclusive aspects of metaphor.

The Role Of City Councils In Sustainnable Local Economic Development: Şanliurfa Application

Filiz KUTLUAY TUTARErdinç TUTAR ,Yasin SEVER — 2026-07-16

In this study, the vision, mission and strategy undertaken by the city councils, which are one of the new local actors of sustainable local development, are emphasized, and in particular, a collective spirit building in protecting the city; The works of Şanlıurfa city council and its contribution to the city were analyzed. At the meeting held on November 30, 2017, two priority targets were determined, which are to advocate for issues related to the city and its people, and to work towards becoming a desirable city. In this context, the strengths of the Şanlıurfa city council in terms of sustainable local development, the existence of projects for disadvantaged groups, the support of the municipality and other public institutions and organizations, the public's sensitivity to the problems of the city, the active participation of the members in the work done, the lack of sanction power due to the advisory nature of the decisions taken and the council's lack of a budget of its own has been identified as its weakness.

The Effect of Word Drill Technique on Improving Primary School 3rd Grade Students’ Reading Difficulties

Muamber YILMAZ — 2026-07-16

This research was made for the purpose of examination the effect of word drill technique on improving the reading difficulties of primary school third grade students. The research was made on 3 students selected from 3rd grade students in a primary school in Dulkadiroğlu district of Kahramanmaraş. Selected students have reading difficulties. These students do not have any physical and mental problems that will prevent them from reading. It was read the students a reading text selected from the 3rd grade Turkish textbook that they had not read before. The students' readings were recorded with a voice recorder. The reading levels of the students were calculated according to the error analysis inventory. In addition, the students were asked a total of 6 reading comprehension questions, 3 simple and 3 in-depth. As a result of the preliminary evaluation, it was determined that the reading level of all 3 students was at the frustration Level, they made many oral reading mistakes and the reading comprehension rate was very low. These students, whose reading level was determined, were given 3 months of individual reading training using the word drilltechnique. Reading education is in the form of 40-minute lessons. Each session is planned to cover 2 lessons hours. The research was completed in 24 sessions. During the research, 24 story-type texts were read to the students. Total of 48 hours of individual reading training was given with word drill technique. All texts taught to students were selected from 3rd grade Turkish textbooks approved by the Ministry of Education. After each session, a copy of the text is given to the student to read with his family. As a result of the research, it was seen that the reading level, which was at the frustration level of 3 students, increased to the Independent level.

An Expression with Human and Nature Process in Contemporary Ceramics: Flower Theme

Yeşim ZÜMRÜT — 2026-07-16

Nature, which we dream about and sometimes escape to or dream of escaping to, where we feel our existence and ephemerality, which encourages us to explore & examine and which fills us with awe, has also been a source of inspiration for many disciplines, including painting, sculpture, ceramics, architecture, music, poetry, etc. As mankind has wanted to dominate and possess this limitless and powerful beauty, it got lost in it and met its frightening side. Based on the fact that we're in a mutually dependent relationship and that the reflection of our every action against or about nature is our own reality within the balance of action and reaction, the themes of awareness about nature, harmony with nature, respecting its borders, repairing, healing and rehabilitating it have been the aim of many movements, artists and designers. Processes in nature, transformation and perception of time have been the subject of romantic, conceptual, decorative artworks as well as provocative ones at times. The Italian painter Sandro Botticelli saluted nature, which has turned into a visual feast that appeals to all our senses with the warmth it makes us feel through the color and shape scale it offers and the scent it gives off, with his painting "Primavera-Spring", whereas on his deathbed, Manet painted fragrant lilacs (Syringa) brought to him by his friends and Dürer painted primulas (Primula veris), the early flowers of spring. “Waltz of the Flowers” composed by Tchaikovsky for the Nutcracker Ballet, the giant puppy sculpture “Puppy” created by Jeff Koons using 60,000 flowering plants, individual outdoor arrangements of Andy Goldsworthy and Richard Long were all inspired by nature. Within the scope of the subject, among these endless sources of inspiration offered by nature, how contemporary ceramic artists addressed the flower theme, how they enriched expression with the language of plastic arts and means of material will be investigated through sample artworks.

Investigation of Social Exclusion and Internet Addiction in High School Students with Various Variables

Belgin BAĞRIAÇIKEzgi DELİCE ,Zeynep Naz ORUÇ ,Adem YÜZGEÇ — 2026-07-16

In this study, it was aimed to examine the social exclusion and internet addiction levels of high school students in terms of various variables. The study group of the research consists of 488 high school students studying at different high schools in Adana, which was determined by random sampling. Relational survey model, one of the quantitative research models, was used in the research. Data were collected with the Social Exclusion Scale and the Internet Addiction Scale for Adolescents. The data of the research were analyzed by transferring them to SPSS 25.0 statistical package program. Normality distribution test was applied to the data. Frequency Distribution Test, Independent Sample t-Test and One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were used for normally distributed data, and Cohen d and Eta squared effect level determination tests were used to determine the effect levels of significant data. As a result of the study, a significant difference was found between social exclusion and internet addiction in high school students and gender, mother and father education level, mother's working status, being a Bilsem student, and internet use during the pandemic process. On the other hand, there was no significant difference between school type, class level, and father's working status.

Examination Of Organizational Trust Perceptions Of Teachers Working In Schools Of The Ministry Of National Education

Muhsin ÇINARSerkan İBİŞ ,Murat ERDOĞDU — 2026-07-16

In this study, it is aimed to examine the organizational trust perceptions of teachers working in schools affiliated to the Ministry of National Education. The sample of the study carried out in the survey model consisted of 232 teachers working in the Central Selcuklu district of Konya province in the 2021-2022 academic year. The "Organizational Trust Scale" developed by Yılmaz (2006) was used as a data collection tool in the research. Descriptive statistics, t-test and ANOVA tests were used in the analysis of the data, and a significance level of .05 was taken into account in the interpretation of the data. According to the findings; While there was no significant difference in organizational trust and all sub-dimensions according to the demographic variables of the participants such as gender, working time in their current institution, educational status. It was also determined that the scores of the participants with 1-3 years of professional seniority were significantly lower than all other groups in the sub-dimension of trust. In addition, the scores of those who did not think about changing their institution were found to be significantly higher, and a positive and significant relationship was found between professional seniority and working in the current institution. It has been observed that the trust scores in the organization have increased due to teachers’ professional seniority progress in the school.

Investigation of Experimental Studies on University Students in the Career Psychological Counseling

İsmail BEÇEKErdoğan BOZKURT — 2026-07-16

The aim of this study is to examine the experimental studies executed in Turkey between 2003-2021 in the field of career psychological counseling for university students. This study is especially important in terms of revealing the disposition and development of experimental studies in the field of Psychological Counseling and Guidance. As part of the study 8 doctoral theses, 2 master theses and 8 articles were discussed. So as to reach the postgraduate theses examined in the study from the National Thesis Center database Google Scholar search engine was take advantage of reach the articles. Studies were evaluated according to their theoretical basis dependent variable type of publication number of participants in the experimental group number of sessions duration group type and publication year. Data obtained by the document analysis method were deconstructed by the content analysis method. Tables containing the frequency and percentage values of the data were created and explanations and comments were made on these tables. When the findings of the study are analysed it is seen that career structuring theory and social cognitive career theory are mostly used in studies. The most dependent variable of career adjustment was considered more studies in the type of doctorate thesis and article mostly 16 participants give place to the experimental groups the researchers scheduled the duration and number of sessions mainly as 8 sessions and 90 minutes It was concluded that the planned programs mostly come into existence psychoeducational groups and that more studies were carried out on this subject in 2020.

A Review On The Use Of Mirror In The Works Of Jan Van Eyck, Diego Velazquez And Eduoard Manet

Okan BOYDAŞGülin YILDIRIM — 2026-07-16

Looking at the history of art, it is seen that the concept of mirror in painting is used both metaphorically and as a visual expression. Although this concept is an object used by artists in their workshops, it is seen that it has become a detail that they include in their works. Mirrors, which artists use as a detail to make the image on the surface different and thinkable by creating a painting within a painting, are polished surfaces that allow reflection without disturbing the image. It is seen that the first mirrors were obtained as a result of polishing metal surfaces. Later, mirrors were developed, in the form used today, in which one surface of glass plates is coated with mercury. In this context, the concept of mirror, which is the main subject of this study, will be examined in the works of Jan Van Eyck, Diego Velazquez, Eduoard Manet, and examples of the use of the concept of mirror in painting will be given. Study; In connection with the qualitative research method, which is one of the scientific research methods, it was created by literature review and semiotics method. In the literature review, books and articles related to the subject were examined and related fields were used.

Production and Prices in Agriculture and Livestock Sector in Amasya Sanjak at the Beginning of the 20th Century

Sabit GENÇ — 2026-07-16

Amasya has been the center of different political organizations in the political and religious sense for many years in the historical process. Due to its historical importance and geographical location, it has attracted attention in local history studies and has been the subject of many studies with different aspects. However, no detailed study has been carried out on the economic situation of the Amasya sanjak just before the transition period from the Ottoman Empire to the Republic at the beginning of the 20th century, the production potential in the agriculture and livestock sector and the product prices. In order to eliminate this deficiency, in this study, production and prices in the agriculture and livestock sector will be discussed in the Amasya sanjak at the beginning of the 20th century. With the study, first of all, production and prices in the agriculture and livestock sector in the Amasya sanjak at the beginning of the 20th century, and the attempts made to increase production were examined, and based on the example of Amasya sanjak, it is aimed to give a general idea about the production and prices in the agriculture and livestock sector in the imperial provinces, and the attempts made for production increase. In the study, the production and prices of the sanjak in the aforementioned sectors are discussed with an analytical method based on comparison. In the study, mainly Agricultural Statistics of Memalik-i Osmaniye for the year 1329 -MOZİ-, which was published by the Ministry of Commerce and Agriculture, the temettuat registers of the districts of the sanjak and the Shari'ah registers, as well as research works were used.

Some Characteristics Coming To The Fore In Turkey’s Demographic Structure In The 1980s

Ensar YILMAZ — 2026-07-16

The 1980s, when many changes began in Turkey, were the years when the new constitution and laws were put into practice and economic policies changed following the military intervention. The country’s perspective on population policies has also changed in these years. The numerical multiplicity of the population ceased to be considered the power source for cities. Policies were adopted to put the measures to reduce the fertility rate into a legal framework and to encourage birth control in poor environments where fertility was high after the structural problems that were caused by the rapid population growth in the country. It was observed that the fertility rate, which declined until 1980 in Turkey, slowed down after this date. It was determined that fertility increases as one goes from west to east in Turkey, where regional differences in fertility rate stand out, and it is at high levels in southeast cities. Factors that affect fertility in the country are industrialization, labor force participation, education, income level, population policies, urbanization, unemployment, and internal migration. The urbanization adventure of Turkey following 1980 witnessed serious transformations in the demographic structure some of which included the decline in fertility and infant mortality rates, the traditional extended family being replaced by the nuclear family, and the rising age of becoming a mother, as well as higher schooling rates and increasing female participation in the business sector. When the 1980s were analyzed in terms of sub-periods, it was determined that the urban population increased much more rapidly in Turkey, especially in the 1980-1985 period during which the highest urban population growth in the history of the Republic was observed and the population rate in the cities exceeded the population rate in the rural areas for the first time.

Compilation of Doctoral Theses on Burnout in Educational Services with a Systematic Approach

Numan Kara SOLMAZ — 2026-07-16

Burnout; It is one of the issues we frequently encounter, which manifests itself with behaviors such as psychological exhaustion, an increase in insensitive behaviors, and feeling unsuccessful as a result of a person's negative experiences. In education and training services, the concept of burnout appears in terms of personal and organizational aspects. Burnout studies on people involved in education and training continue to increase. In this study; It is aimed to examine doctoral theses on burnout in education and training services in Turkey with a systematic approach. Within the scope of the study, doctoral theses in which quantitative and qualitative research methods in YÖK-TEZ were used were included. As a result of the research; It was seen that 22 doctoral theses were written, 19 quantitative research methods were used, and 3 qualitative research methods were adapted. Most of the sample in these theses; teachers, students, and academics. In future studies on burnout in education and training services, it is recommended that the sample be expanded and discussed with different dimensions in the theses to be written.

The Effect Of Secondary School Students’ Social Value Perceptions On Attitudes Toward Elderly

Kübra ARSLANHande ŞAHİN — 2026-07-16

Erderly is a broad concept that includes factors such as socio-economic, environmental, health, education, and physical changes and losses that cannot be prevented in individuals. It is clear that the factors affecting the lives of elderly individuals do not only arise due to chronological aging, but also that the changes in social life shape the lives of elderly individuals. In this study, the effect of middle school students' social value perceptions on their attitudes towards the elderly was examined. This study was carried out in relational scanning type, which is one of the quantitative design scanning models. The sample of the research consists of 287 students who attend a state and a private school randomly selected in Kırıkkale city center and agree to participate in the research voluntarily. In data collection; "Personal Information Form", "Thoughts on Aging Form" and "Social Values Perception Scale" were used. Analysis of the research data was performed on the computer using the Statistical Pachage For Social Science (SPSS) 24.0 package program. In the analysis of the data; Number, percentage, mean, t-test for paired groups, ANOVA test was used for more than two groups. It was determined that half of the 287 students forming the sample group were girls and 49.5% were boys. Among the students, those who state that the elderly should be looked after at home are the leading ones. As a result of the research; It has been determined that students' perception of social values is high, there is a significant difference between their perception of social values and their ages and frequency of meeting with the elderly. Among the students, those who do not agree with the statements "People who cannot take care of themselves are called old", "Old people talk too much" and "Old people interfere with everything" are at a high rate.

Omni-Channel Approach and Applications in Medical Promotion and Marketing

Deniz KOYUNCUOĞLU — 2026-07-16

The interaction of the various marketing channels is central to the success of the sales strategy. In medical promotion and marketing, field sales and digital channels must be interconnected, always focusing on the needs of the target audience. The aim is to link marketing activities in such a way that healthcare professionals feel most supported in their decision making. In this study, an attempt has been made to answer questions such as: What are the marketing channels in medical promotion and marketing? What are multi-channel medical promotion and marketing strategies? What is the difference between multi-channel and omni-channel marketing approaches? What benefits does the omni-channel marketing approach provide for the healthcare industry? What are the functions and advantages of data-driven omni-channel marketing? What should be considered in order to successfully implement the omni-channel approach? In addition, some suggestions were made by pointing out the difficulties in the implementation of omni-channel.

The Role of Schools in the Development of Social and Emotional Learning Skills in the Primary Education Age

Merve GÜREKBuşra KIRAN AKÇA — 2026-07-16

Gelişim ve değişim çağı olarak da nitelendirilen 21. yüzyılda, sosyal ve duygusal öğrenme becerileri (SDÖB) öne çıkmaktadır. SDÖB, öz-farkındalık, öz-denetim, sosyal farkındalık, sorumlu karar verme, ilişki becerileri başlıkları altında ele alınabilmektedir. Bu başlıklara farklı isimlendirmelerle rastlanılsa da içerdikleri anlam aynı temele varmaktadır. Genel amaç kendi duygularının ve sorumluluklarının farkında, çevresiyle sağlıklı ilişkiler sürdürebilen bireylerin yetişmesini sağlamaktadır. Bu beceriler aynı zamanda ilişkilerin ardındaki çatışmaların nedenine, bazı öğrencilerin diğerlerine kıyasla neden daha fazla erteleme davranışı gösterdiği gibi sorulara yanıt aramaktadır. Toplumların amacı üretken, topluma faydalı nesiller yetiştirmektir. Bu becerilerin ev, okul gibi sosyal ortamlarda öğrenilmesi, ilginin ev dışında bir sosyal çevreye yöneldiği ilköğretim çağında okullara düşen rolü artırmaktadır. Bu kapsamda okullarda sosyal ve duygusal öğrenme programları (SDÖ) düzenlenmektedir. SDÖ, çocuklarda sosyal ilişkilere yönelik uyumlu davranışların ve sosyal becerilerin geliştirildiği öğrenme sürecidir. Bu çalışmada, eğitim kurumlarında farkındalık oluşturmak amacıyla, SDÖB ile okullardaki öğrenme sürecini içeren bazı kavramların ilişkisine odaklanılmıştır. Bu amaçla, ilköğretim çağındaki çocuklarda SDÖB’nin, akran ve öğretmen ilişkileri, akademik başarı gibi değişkenlerle ilişkisi incelenmiştir. Derleme yöntemiyle hazırlanan bu makalede, kavramsal çerçeve ele alınmış, benzer konularda önemli görülen çalışma bulgularından yararlanılmıştır. Uluslararası literatüre kıyasla Türkiye’de konuyla ilgili kaynakların yetersiz olduğu görülmüştür. Bu becerilerin, okullarda ulaşılması gereken bir hedef değil, devamlılığı olan bir süreç olarak ele alınması gerekmektedir.

Examination Of The Self-Esteem Levels Of High School Students Who Do And Do Not Do Sports

Mehmet YILDIRIMGülşah SEDEF — 2026-07-16

The aim of this study is to examine the self-esteem levels of high school students who do and do not do sports. The universe of the research; It consists of students studying at high schools in Yozgat in the 2021-2022 academic year. The sample of the study consists of 231 students who voluntarily participated in the online questionnaire sent by e-mail from high school students studying in Yozgat in the 2021-2022 academic year. Survey method was used in the research. Information about the demographic characteristics of the students was obtained with the "personal information form". The self-esteem levels of the students were obtained with the “self-esteem scale”. The obtained data were transferred to the SPSS 20.0 software program for statistical operations. Frequency analysis, percentage analysis, arithmetic mean, t test, Anova analysis and post hoc tests were used to analyze the data. As a result of Tte analyzes carried out; Statistically significant differences were found between the sub-dimensions of the self-esteem scale according to the variables of gender and sporting status (p<0.05). No statistically significant differences were found between the sub-dimensions of the self-esteem scale according to the variables of class, mother'seducation level, father'seducation level and income level (p>0.05).

Political Regime Changes And Transformation Of Perception Of Legitimacy In Post-Revolutionary France

Ayman KARA — 2026-07-16

France had a perception of legitimacy based on a triangle of monarchy, religion, and feudality before the French Revolution. However, the French Revolution had shifted this perception to a different point, abolished these elements of legitimacy, or changed them dramatically. With the transformation of the perception of legitimacy, political regimes changed; constitutional monarchy, two times of emperorship, restoration of the monarchy, and five times of Republic were conducted in the French which had been governed with absolute monarchy till French Revolution. These political regime attempts gave rise to many coups and revolutions, The political life of the French had followed an inconsistent path most of the time. The insight and values of each political regime had been different, therefore, this led to a change in political legitimacy criteria with each conducted regime. In this regard, although the political legitimacy criteria had been altered radically before and after French Revolution, old and new political legitimacy criteria coexisted during the restoration of monarchy and emperorship. But during the Republic eras, old legitimacy symbols, monarchy, religion, and feudality were attempted to be eliminated, and new legitimacy criteria to be established. The Republic regime settled along with the third republic era in France which had been through many political regime attempts, and the old legitimacy criteria lost their significance. In this paper, firstly the legitimacy criteria that existed before French Revolution will be analyzed, and the changes that occurred in these criteria with the French Revolution and new legitimacy criteria will be discussed. How the perception of legitimacy has transformed with each political regime and the position of political regimes according to the old and new legitimacy criteria will be studied by analyzing the political regime changes in France after the revolution.

Study of Digital Connectivity and Physical Activity Levels of Educators During the Covid-19 Pandemic

Yakup Sinan AKYOLHüdaverdi MAMAK — 2026-07-16

The aim of the study is to determine the digital dependence and physical activity levels of educators in the Covid-19 pandemic and the change of these parameters according to some variables and to examine the relationship between them. A total of 786 teachers and managers (male= 392, female=394) who worked in different branches in primary and secondary education institutions in Adana province participated in the study. The socio-demographic characteristics of the educators who participated in the study were determined by the information form and physical activity levels with the 'International Physical Activity Survey Short Form' and the digital addiction levels were determined by the Digital Addiction Scale. Frequency, percentage, Spearman Correlation, Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal Wallis H-test were used in the analysis of the data. Significant, very low positive and negative relationships were observed between educators' digital addiction levels and physical activity levels. On the scale of digital dependency; with the overall and sub-dimensions of the scale and for FAS, any significant differences was observed according to gender, marital status, education instruction grade, education institutıon’ location. As a result, it can be said that increasing the physical activity levels of educators will reduce digital dependence. It has been proposed that leisure time be planned by educators themselves and the authorities to perform physical activity.

The concept of the morphological balance and its comparison with the practical unit approach

Abdulrahman KASEMMOHAMAD — 2026-07-16

This research sheds light on the concept of the morphological balance that was invented by linguists in the past, and monitors its first features through the idea of word permutations, the letters they chose to perform it, the reason for choosing these letters, the letters they assigned to what exceeded the original letters, and their doctrines in the weight of the switched letters from The original letters, and highlights the value of the morphological scale and its importance in studying different morphological structures, the laws that govern it, the three types on which the morphological scales model came, the most prominent operations it performs, and the law that deviated from it for special reasons, which is the law of miniaturization, the goal of this anomaly, and how It is compatible with the etymological nature of the Arabic language, and it is highly efficient in distinguishing between morphological and grammatical elements in the linguistic structure, and that it differentiates with high accuracy between phonological and morphological changes, and highlights on the opposite side the modern Western concept of practical unity, and clarifies its concept, and the scientific linguistic field who it belongs to, the most important operations that it performs in the service of the language, and how it does not have anomalies; Because every process that takes place in it is considered a rule, and that is the reason why generatives prefer it, then it clarifies when and where it can be used in Arabic morphology, then a comparison is made between the two concepts in terms of their convergence and differences, and which one is more suitable for application in studying the words of the Arabic language, and the challenge that appears In the law of the morphological balance of the Western mentality, which was not familiar with this type of laws in abstraction.