SOCIAL MENTALITY AND RESEARCHER THINKERS JOURNAL (SMART JOURNAL), Year 2019 Issue 26

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SERVANT LEADERSHIP BEHAVIORS OF THE SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS AND MOTIVATION LEVELS OF THE TEACHERS

Veysel OKÇU,, NAZIM ÇOĞALTAY — 2026-07-16

Abstract Servant leadership is a leadership style that prioritizes the needs and expectations of employees and makes them a life philosophy to serve them and provide continuous support in their development. The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between the servant leadership behaviors of secondary school administrators and teachers' motivation levels. Relational screening model was used in the study. The research population consists of 585 branch teachers working in 39 secondary schools in the city center of Siirt in the 2018-2019 academic year. The sample of the study is composed of 391 teachers who work in 28 secondary schools chosen by simple random sampling method. In the study, Servant Leadership Behavior Scale and Teacher Motivation Scale were used as data collection tools. SPSS 21 package program was used to analyze the data.Descriptive statistics, independent sample t-test, one-way analysis of variance and regression analysis techniques were used in the study. As a result of the study, it was found that the teachers' perceptions of the servant leadership behaviors of secondary school administrators in general were at a ''moderate level''. According to the teachers 'perceptions, it was found out that the school administrators' exhibited servant leadership behaviors in the sub-dimensions of altruism, empathy, fair attitudes and behaviors, honesty and modesty are '' moderate level''. In general, it was determined that there was a positive and moderate level relationship between the servant leadership behaviors of secondary school administrators and the internal and external motivation levels of the teachers. As a result of the regression analysis, it was found that servant leadership, especially altruistic behaviors and empathy sub-dimensions positively predicted intrinsic motivation, and honesty sub-dimension predicted extrinsic motivation positively. Suggestions have been made based on the results of the research.

FACTORS AFFECTING CONSUMERS' BUYING PREFERENCES FOR BEE PRODUCTS (A LITERATURE REVIEW)

Kurtuluş MERDAN, — 2026-07-16

Recently, the number of campaigns for bee products has been continuously increasing in the auditory and visual media, and efforts to influence consumers have been used as communication and advertising tools. The rapid change in technology today, and the demands and expectations changing in parallel with the increasing living standards lead to significant changes in consumer preferences. In this case, socio-economic, demographic, and psychological factors affect consumers' buying preferences. In this study, the factors that affect consumers' preferences in buying bees and bee products are examined through a literature review. In line with this purpose, the quality of the product, the brand value of the product, the place from where the product is obtained, advertising, packaging type, consumer satisfaction, and the preferred product type affect consumers' perceptions of bee and bee products. The findings of the study, which was conducted to determine the factors affecting consumers' buying preferences, reveal that the vast majority of consumers primarily consume honey and then turn to other bee products. In this study, it was found that consumers do not have sufficient information about bee products other than honey, and they do not benefit enough from these products. At this point, it is necessary to increase promotion and informative activities for bee products other than honey.

THE INVESTİGATİON OF HİGH-SCHOOL STUDENTS’ ATTİTUDES TOWARDS PHYSİCAL EDUCATİON COURSE AND SPORTSMENSHİP ATTİTUDES TOWARDS PYHSİCAL EDUCATİON.

Metin KARAYOL, — 2026-07-16

In this study, the investigation of high-school students’ attitudes towards physical education course and sportmenship attitudes towards pyhsical education has been aimed. The population of the study consists of the students studying at highschool. The sample group of the study consists of 134 women and 139 men of 273 students in total selected with a random method from the population. Personal Information Form created by the researchers has been used to identify the demographical features of the participants. While “ Physical Education Course Attitude Scale” has been used to determine the attitudes of the participants towards physical education course, “Physical Education Course Sportmenship Attitude Scale"has been used to determine their sportmenship behaviours. In data analysis according to the normality test applied, T-test has been used in comparing the quantitative continuous data between two independent groups and One Way Anova Test has been used in comparing the quantitative continuous data among more than two independent groups. Scheffe Test has been used to determine the differences after Anova test as a supplementary post-hoc analysis. Pearson Corroleation Analysis has been applied among the continuous variables of the study. The significance level has been evaluated as p< 0.05. SPSS (Statistical Package For Social Sciences 23) has been used on the purpose of creating and of the tables and the evaluation of the data obtained in the study. As a consequence: Significant differences have been seen according to Gender, School Type, Class, Frequency of Free Time Exercise, Variables of Students’ Regular Sport Activities in a Club in the sub-dimensions of the Physical Education Course Attitude Scale of the students and Physical Education Course Sportmenship Attitude Scale (p<0,05). However, no significant difference has been seen according to the variables of Monthly Average Income and Background Education of Father (p>0,05). As a result, Students’average of “cognitive attitude”, “Affective Attitude”, “Behavioral Attitude” and “Physical Education Course Attitude Total” has been recorded high in the sub-dimensions of Students’ Physical Education Course Attitude Point Average. The average of “Exhibiting Appropriate Behaviour” in Sportsmenship Behaviour Point Average has been recorded as poor and the average of “Avoiding Unappropriate Behaviours” and “Sportsmenship Behaviour Total” have been recorded high. It has been found out that the behavioural attitude points of the students studying at sports academy are higher than the behavioural attitude points of the students studying at other high-school. Once again, it has been found out that the points of exhibiting appropriate behaviours of the students studying at sport academy are higher than the points of exhibiting appropriate behaviours of the students from other high-schools. Sport Academy Students’ Attitudes and Sportsmenship Behaviours Towards Physical Education Courses compared to the students studying at other high-schools have shown how important sport factor is.

POST-YENİ KAMU İŞLETMECİLİĞİ PARADİGMASI VE KAMU YÖNETİMİ ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ

Adnan KARATAŞ, — 2026-07-16

The New Public Administration approach, which emerged as a reaction to the traditional public administration approach, has become the most popular approach in the field of public administration after the 1980s. However, the New Public Administration has been subject to heavy criticism since the 2000s. In the field of public administration, different approaches and reform approaches take place together; therefore, it can be said that a complex, diverse, contradictory and hybrid situation is on the agenda of the public administration field rather than the ”best way” approach. In order to define this paradigm shift in the field of public administration, the concept of post-new public management (Post-NPM) is used. Post-NPM is a kind of umbrella concept that aims to hybridize different, even contradictory principles, values, norms and reform proposals. The main criticism issues of the NPM approach are; private sector logic, customer point of view, unclear conditions, understanding of market and competition and social state. Actually, it can be said that the Post-NPM approach is based on these basic criticisms. The aim of this study is to evaluate the Post-NPM approach in terms of paradigm shift in public administration, reform approach and citizen perspective. For this purpose, the academic studies on Post-NPM are examined; the arguments of the post-NPM approach on related issues will be tried to be determined. Due to the limited number of academic studies on the subject, all the studies are tried to be reached; it will be ensured that the issues to be examined are clarified. On the other hand, based on Post-NPM's reform proposals, changes in countries implementing these policy recommendations will be assessed. Thus, by evaluating the criticisms that Post-NPM applications do not carry a universal claim, a new proposal can be put forward. This study is important in terms of creating new ideas for national literature, interested researchers and public administrators.

INVESTIGATION OF REACTION TIMES IN BASKETBALL PLAYERS ACCORDING TO GAME POSITIONS

Cengiz TAŞKIN,; Önder KARAKOÇ , Ali Kemal TAŞKIN — 2026-07-16

The aim of this study is to investigate the reaction time of basketball players according to their positions. Fifty female basketball players in Batman Province participated in the study. The mean age of the participants was 16.43 ± 0.65 (years), mean height was 165.66 ± 3.45 (cm) and the mean weight was; 62.78 ± 3.37 (kg). In the study, according to the position of the subjects, the right and left hand auditory and visual reaction times were determined by using Newtest 1000 device. The measurement was made to ensure that the place is noiseless. The best reaction times were recorded in milliseconds by taking 1 test and then 3 measurements against light and sound stimuli from athletes. In descriptive statistics, mean and standard deviation, standard error and standard error were used. Before the statistical procedures, they were examined whether they were normal and whether they were homogenous or not. Accordingly, since the distribution was not normal, kruskalwallis was applied from nonparametric tests. In this study, the error level was taken as p <0.05. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the auditory and visual reaction times of basketball players playing in zone 1 were significantly better than basketball players playing in other zones (p <0.05). As a result, it is observed that the reaction time of basketball players changes according to the zones they play. These changes are thought to be due to the different individual trainings performed by the athletes according to the characteristics of the zones they play.

COMPETITION IN THE BANKING SECTOR and COMPETITIVE DISORDER ACTIONS

Pınar PEHLİVAN, — 2026-07-16

Banks and other financial institutions, which are the most important actors in the financial sector, have a very important place in today's modern society and economic life. Changes in the last century and especially technological developments caused this importance of banking sector to increase. Today, it is almost impossible to find any person or company that has no business with the bank, does not use credit card or credit, or has no business with the bank. Banks operating in financial markets are quite different from any business. In carrying out their activities, banks should take an impartial attitude in accordance with objective criteria, without prioritizing the interests of any party. Banks have to take into account the requirements of regulatory authorities and legislation in every decision they make and in all transactions they take. In line with the recent developments in the sector, the element of competition is an important issue for banks that continuously expand their product and service range. The increase in foreign inflows into the sector and the fact that the banks started to operate beyond the nationality also created the ground for intense competition in the sector. However, in order for the credit system and banking sector to operate effectively, a healthy competitive environment must be established in the market. Although various measures have been taken for this purpose, it is seen that some actions that disrupt competition in the sector have been carried out. The most important of the anti-competitive behaviors of banks in recent years is the cartel investigation initiated by the Competition Board with the claim that 12 banks act in concerted actions and / or agreements. It was investigated whether 12 banks representing the majority of the banking sector violated the Law No. 4054 on the Protection of Competition by acting in agreement and / or concerted action on deposit, credit and credit card services. By its decision dated 08.03.2013, the Competition Board determined that the said banks had reached a compromise between 21.08.2007-24.10.2011 in violation of Article 4 of the Law and decided to impose an administrative fine. In this study, it is aimed to examine the concept of competition and anti-competitive behaviors in the banking sector and to evaluate the competition investigation conducted by the Competition Board on 12 banks in terms of the banking sector.

THE MOSUL ISSUES (1918 - 1926)

Mehmet Bora SANYÜREK, — 2026-07-16

In the aftermath of the industrial revolution, energy resources have become a very important element for states that are striving to take an active role in world politics. At the beginning of the industrial revolution, while the main energy source was coal, with the discovery of oil resources around the world, Coal was replaced by petroleum and derivative products. With the use of petroleum and derivative products in military vehicles such as aircraft, ships, tanks as well as industry, regions with oil resources have become the focus of global competition. The competition of industrialized states such as England, France and the USA in oil regions has determined the basis of 20th century politics. The Middle East region, which has rich oil resources, also took its share from this competition. These lands, which were under Ottoman rule until the beginning of the 20th century, came under the mandate and patronage of various countries, especially England, after the First World War. The southern and central parts of Iraq, which has rich oil resources, came under British control after the First World War. The north of Iraq, which we can call Ottoman Mosul Province in generally, has been the subject of competition between Turkey and the UK. The Mosul Question, which could not be solved by the Treaty of Lausanne, was solved as a result of the negotiations that both countries carried out later. Between England and Turkey signed the Ankara Treaty was in 1926. Turkey, in return for a share of oil from Mosul take a while, waived their rights and the Mosul region was connected to Iraq.

INVESTIGATION OF THE SMART PHONE DEPENDENCE OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS WHO HAVE PHYSICAL AND SPORT EDUCATION

Talha MURATHAN,, Ali TÜRKER — 2026-07-16

The aim of this study is to investigate smartphone addictions of university students studying Physical Education and Sports in terms of different variables. The sample of the study consisting 117 female and 154 male with the age average of 22.46+2,83 out of 271 in total who continue their studies at School of Physical Education and Sports in Malatya, Erzurum and Ardahan provinces. With the aim of determining smartphone addiction levels of the participants, the scale developed by Kwon et al., (2013) has been used for measuring the risk of smartphone addiction. Descriptive Statistic methods such as percentage and frequency to identify the distributions of the participants’ personal information andirregularity and lowness values of the datum with Kolmogorov Smirnov normality test to determine whether the datum Show normal distributions have been controlled. In statistical analysis of the datum Independent Sample T-test in mutual comparisons and Oneway Anova analysis in multiple comparisons have been used. As a result, it has been seen that gender and age are not significant factors in smartphone usage.It has been concluded that the students who spend more than 4-5 hours a dayon smart phone and have internet package more than 6 gb and who follow others by usingsocial media apps may be smartphone addict. It has been stated that large majority of the participants uses smartphones more likely to surf on social media.

NORTHERN IRAQ POLICY OF GLOBAL AND REGIONAL ACTORS

Mehmet Bora SANYÜREK, — 2026-07-16

With the US invasion of Iraq in 2003, Iraq underwent an administrative restructuring. In this process, a constitutional autonomous Kurdish administration was established in northern Iraq.This administration, which was officially named "Kurdistan Regional Government" in the Iraqi Constitution and defined as "Local Government of the Northern Iraq" by the Turkish authorities, has continued to be institutionalized as a state since its establishment. While this structuring that would allow an independent Kurdish state in the region disturbed the countries of the region, in particular the Kurdish population of countries such as Turkey and Iran, have looked with suspicion in this case. These countries, which are concerned about increasing the political demands of the Kurdish population in their own countries, did not hesitate to establish a close relationship with this structure due to their interests, and even used them as a tool in their competition with each other. This structure, in which the countries of the region remain in the dilemma of interest and security, regional balances has managed to use to maintain their gains. Global actors approach their relationship with the KRG in terms of commercial interest due to the rich oil resources in the region. However, states like the USA and Britain, which are also active in regional politics, see Kurds as a means of destabilizing the countries of the region in addition to their commercial interests.

PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS IN CHILDREN WITH GIFTED CHILDREN WITH ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER CASE STUDY

Perihan KESKİN DEMİR,, Engin EKER — 2026-07-16

Children with superior intelligence have different characteristics than children in normal development because they have a sensitive nervous system. This situation is seen as being active, asking questions, discussing, acting independently and questioning authority. In structured and common settings such as schools, these behaviors increase the severity more. Thus, such children are considered as children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder. In addition, there are children with giftedness and attention deficit disorder and hyperactivity disorder. Lack of sufficient research in this area in our country causes problems in correctly identifying and directing these children. The behaviors of these children significantly affect the individual, family, environment and quality of life. In this study, in this study, psychological problems experienced by gifted children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are examined with case study. As a result of the research, it was seen that the children were in a behavior of acceptance, they were always on the move, they were also withdrawn, they were not sharing with anyone in their social life, they were always trying to appreciate and be the best.

ÇOCUKLARDA SOSYAL KİMLİK GELİŞİMİNİN İNCELENMESİ

Fatma ÖZKÜR, — 2026-07-16

Kişi ve çevresindeki diğer insanlar arasında sosyal etkileşimler vardır. Bu etkileşimler sosyal kimliğin gelişim sürecine öncülük eder. Çocuğun sosyal kimliği erken çocukluk döneminde aile, okul ve yakın sosyal çevre içinde şekillenmeye başlar. Bu çalışmanın amacı, beş yaşındaki okul öncesi dönem çocukların sosyal kimlik gelişimlerini belirlemektir. Çalışmada ayrıca kız ve erkek çocukların gelişimleri arasındaki farkta test edilmiştir. Çalışmanın örneklemi 125 kız ve 125 erkek çocuğu olmak üzere beş yaş grubu anaokulu çocuklarından oluşmuştur. Veri toplama aracı olarak Dumans SKD Sosyal Kimlik Derecelendirme Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Betimsel olan bu çalışmada aritmetik ortalama ve standart sapma değerleri hesaplanmış ve gruplar arası puan farkı için t-Testi uygulanmıştır. Sonuçlar, çocukların sosyal kimlik gelişimlerinin desteklenmesi gerektiğini ve kız ve erkek çocukların puanları arasında anlamlı bir fark olmadığını göstermiştir.

Racism and Nationalism

Murat AKTAŞ, — 2026-07-16

Throughout human history, some groups of people have suffered from exclusion and discriminatory treatment just because of their belonging. Particularly with the process of enlightenment and geographical discoveries where new continents and settlements were being explored, the Europeans needed to develop some racist theories to colonize these new continents and legitimize the colonization. Researchers working on these subjects since the 18th century have argued that there are different human races in the world and that some of these races are superior to some others. The European states that established colonies in America, Africa and Asia claimed that black people from Africa were inferior to them and sold them like animals. The Germans who believed in these allegations of superiority of race carried out the Holocaust. Many studies conducted after the defeat of the Nazi regime in World War II found that the distinction of race was not correct. However, in the last quarter, racist and nationalist movements have started to rise again in Europe. Some authors argue that racism and nationalism are closely related, while others argue that they are completely different. At least there is a widespread opinion that racism has developed and flourished in areas related to nationalism. Some authors state that nationalism ultimately paves the way for racism. As a matter of fact, it is seen that racist views are raised in some countries as a result of the problems related to national security. This study aims to analyse the relationship between racism and nationalism. This study aims to analyse the relationship between racism and nationalism.

RESEARCH IN DIGITAL ACCOUNTING LITERATURE OF ACCOUNTING PROFESSIONAL MEMBERS IN KOCAELİ

Nurcan GÜNCE, — 2026-07-16

The economic complex brought about complexity. One of these complexities is the process of digital transformation and adaptation. Digital transformation management of all institutions and professions.The level of proficiency that enables decision making in the selection of digital technologies used in accounting can be specified as accounting literacy. Digital literacy in accounting shows awareness of long-term customer satisfaction decisions in accounting. For this reason, digital literacy of accounting staff is gaining great importance. In this study, it is tried to examine the digital systems in terms of reading, understanding and application dimensions by professional accountants. For this purpose, a questionnaire was applied to professional accountants. The data were collected through the ‘Personal Information Form prepared by the researchers and the um Attitude Scale of Professional Accountants towards Digital Products developed by Tekbaş, Kurnaz & Azaltun (2018). The data obtained were analyzed with SPSS 20.00 program. As a result of the research, it was found that professional accountants found the digital products they use generally efficient, they considered themselves sufficient to use these products and they closely followed the digital developments related to their profession. However, it was stated that the trainings given for the use of digital systems were insufficient. In these results, it reveals the necessity of digital accounting literacy.

THE PERCEPTION OF ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIO-CULTURAL EFFECTS OF TOURISM BY LOCAL PEOPLE: THE CASE OF HATAY PROVINCE

Kadriye Alev AKMEŞE,, Halil SUNAR — 2026-07-16

The aim of the study is to determine the perceptions of local people about the economic, environmental and socio-cultural effects of tourism in Hatay. The questionnaire, which was prepared for the purpose of the research, was applied to local people face to face and online between September 2018 and November 2019. 405 questionnaires obtained from the study were analyzed by SPSS 25.0 program. Frequency distributions, validity and reliability analysis, t-test, Anova test, Tukey tests were applied. According to the research findings, the economic effects of tourism vary according to the gender, marital status, age, education level and income levels of the participants. Environmental impacts of tourism, participants' perceptions of gender and age differ significantly; however, there is no significant difference in terms of marital status, education level and income levels. The socio-cultural effects of tourism, on the other hand, show a significant difference in the perceptions of the participants according to their gender, age and educational status; however, there is no significant difference according to marital status and income levels.

Evaluation of school bus services at high school level according to the opinions of students and school bus drivers

Halük ÜNSAL, — 2026-07-16

The education system is composed of many sub-systems, in addition to the main factors such as students, teachers, parents, administrators and teaching programs, there are assistants such as civil servants, security guards, canteen and catering officers, cleaning officers and service drivers that complement this system. In this context, it is important to identify the status of school services as a complement to the education system. The aim of this study is to determine the status of school service by taking advantage of the opinions of high school students and school service drivers. This study is of qualitative research type. The interview technique was used here. In the study, appropriate sampling technique, one of the random sampling methods, was used to determine the students and service drivers to be interviewed. The study was conducted with the participation of high school students and school service drivers in Çankaya, Ankara. 5 high school students and 3 school service drivers who volunteered to participate in this study participated. A semi-structured interview form developed by the researcher was used. Content analysis was used in the analysis of qualitative data. In this analysis; seven main categories were created: day, task / responsibility, behavior, communication, interaction, problem and general. In this study, it was concluded that for the students in the school bus service one day was spent listening to music and chatting with friends while on the school bus. The service driver was spent with maintenance, repair and preparation of the shuttle bus as well as transporting the students safely to school. In addition, it was concluded that while the school service was provided, the rules in the service were generally followed by the students and the service drivers, but undesirable behaviors such as not wearing belts, speaking loudly and listening to loud music were also observed. In addition, this service is generally fun, friendly and quiet service for the students, but at the same time, it has emerged as a crowded, tiring, overwhelming and long process. While it has positive results as being with young person, providing a healthy transportation service and a fun job on the behalf of the service drivers, disadvantages can be stated as parents’ various requests and problems in traffic. Depending on this study, it may be useful to carry out detailed studies about this service, which is received with the managers and parents. In particular, it may be suggested to study basic issues such as problems during service and interaction within the service.

A THEORETICAL RESEARCH ON SOCİAL ENTREPRENEURSHİP

Meryem GÜL,, H. Mustafa PAKSOY — 2026-07-16

The entrepreneurship is considered as an activity of individuals and organizations which plays an important role in development of societies by constituting economical growth and employment, including an innovative perspective. Social entrepreneurship, which defines a social problem as a type of entrepreneurship and handles it through social innovation and which incorporates a socially motivated mission that creates a social value for the benefit of both employment and society with entrepreneurial discipline, has turned into a phenomenon to influence society. The contribution of social entrepreneurs to the social, economic, cultural and environmental wealth of a country has become increasingly recognized. The concept of social entrepreneurship, which is a combination of social and entrepreneurship concepts, has emerged to find solutions to social problems. Social entrepreneurship is the whole of social value submission, social value creation, provision of social transformation, finding solutions to social problems and chasing opportunities. The main purpose of this conceptually designed research is to present a perspective on social entrepreneurship activities. For this core purpose, the concepts of entrepreneurship and social entrepreneurship as well as social vision, financial return, innovation, sustainability and social networks, which are the sub-dimensions of social entrepreneurship, are emphasized and the differences between social entrepreneurs and commercial entrepreneurs are discussed.

THE IMPACT OF ETHNOCENTRİC TENDENCİES OF CONSUMERS ON CUSTOMER LOYALTY

Aziz BÜKEY,, Mert AKTAŞ — 2026-07-16

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of customer ethnocentrism on customer loyalty. The population of the study consists of cafes in Bingol province. Data were collected through survey forms with 225 cafe customers. Obtained data were tested by using structural equation modeling in Amos statistical program. According to the results, it is concluded that customer ethnocentrism has a positive effect on customer loyalty. Customer ethnocentrism was found to account for 34% of customer loyalty. In addition, when the age ranges of cafe customers were evaluated, it was found that the highest number of participants was 18-24 age range. Therefore, it is observed that the university level is closer to the cafe culture than the younger generation.

EFFECT OF PROPRİOSEPTİF NÖROMUSKÜLER FASİLİTASYON (PNF) STRETCHİNG ON ELİTE TAEKWONDO SPORTER’S STRETCHİNG AND BALANCE ABİLİTİES

Enes MADAK,; Fikret RAMAZANOĞLU ; Salim İbrahim ONBAŞI , Elif Tuğçe KAVAS — 2026-07-16

Purpose of this study is to measure the effect of 8 weeks period Proprioseptif Nöremuscular Facilitation (PNF) exercises on balance and strecthing abilities of elite Taekwondo sporters. Sample group of this study consisted of 30 Taekwondo sporters who are constantly training in city of Aksaray. All sporters attended for study voluntarily. 30 Taekwondo sporters had been divided into two different groups and each group consisted of 15 sporters which are 8 male and 7 female equally. Star excursion balance test has been implemented on both subject and control group for V-sit strecth test and balance test. Additionally only subject group has exercised Proprioseptif Nöremuscular Facilitation (PNF) excercise program 3 days a week.Before starting the study program, subjects and control groups were informed about the study. Pre-tests has been implemented both on subject and control groups before the 8 weeks of training program had started. During pre-test each sporter has given just two chance to reach highest scores. End-tests measured after 8 weeks of Proprioseptif Nöremuscular Facilitation (PNF) had finished. During end-test each sporter has given just two chance to reach highest scores. SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) program used for the evaluation of all results. According to results normality distribution datas measured. According to measured datas Paired Simple t-test implemented for normal distributed datas and Wilcoxon Tet implemented for non-normal distributes datas. Statistical significance limit indicated as p<0,05

ANALYZING EMERGENT LITERACY ACTIVITY PLANS OF PRESCHOOL EDUCATION

Merve KOÇAK,, Gökhan DUMAN — 2026-07-16

The purpose of this study was to analyze early literacy activity plans applied in early childhood education. Activity plans were examined to determine their sufficiency for early childhood education. This research is a scanning model descriptive study. The sample was one hundred and twenty early literacy activity plans randomly selected from preschools and kindergartens. Activity plans were analyzed using document analysis method. The emergent literacy activity plan evaluation form was used as a data collection tool. Findings are given with frequencies, percentages and quantitative range value scores. The educational qualifications of the emergent literacy activities were found to be inadequate in the sub-dimensions of visual perception/manual skills, listening and speaking skills, and attention and memory skills. It was proposed that qualitative methods should be used to investigate the causes of the problems identified in this research.

MUCH MORE THAN INSTRUCTIONAL LEADERSHIP IN SCHOOL EFFECTIVENESS: PEDAGOGIC LEADERSHIP

Veysel OKÇU,, Veysel ŞENYİĞİT — 2026-07-16

Abstract The essential question in the effectiveness and development of schools is how we can achieve changes in higher student performances, advanced social development and changes in the level of increasing civilization (Sergiovanni, 1998). When we look at the literature, as a result of the researches on school effectiveness and the results which do not show much hope in achieving the desired change, the concept of instructional leadership has been put forward as the savior of the education process in schools and heralding the targeted change (MacNeill, Cavenagh ve Silcox, 2003). Although the concept of instructional leadership is widely used for “school leadership” 21st century schools have limitations in meeting changing needs. Pioneer of these limitations is that instructional leadership is directly related to the school principal and it ignores the other members of the school community. Moreover, instructional leadership mainly focuses on teacher behaviors and development rather than student improvement. However, creating an effective school environment is closely related to creating academic, social, intellectual and professional capital (Sergiovanni, 1998) rather than to a didactic teaching process. Centralizing the relationships between members of each other in the school organization, building the learning school community by including teachers, students, parents and the society is much more important than a mere learning-centered leadership approach (Male ve Palaiologou, 2012). In this context, the pedagogical leadership style, which basically deals with the teaching-learning process in a student-centered and holistic way, meets the concept of “leadership in educational settings” in a more contemporary and responsive way. The aim of this study is to reveal the difference between pedagogical leadership and instructional leadership, which is often misused. In accordance to this aim, pedagogical leadership is tried to be conceptualized by analysing national and international literature.

A PRELIMINARY RESEARCH ON DETERMINING THE MAIN PROBLEMS OF SYRIAN REFUGEES PLACED IN ERZINCAN

Mustafa AKIN,, Mehmet ÖZBAŞ — 2026-07-16

Turkey is a country hosting most Syrian refugees in the all over the world. Every day a large increase in the number of Syrian refugees in Turkey seem to tend. This aspect of Syrian refugees in Turkey, Turkey socio-cultural and socio-economic orientation, integration is of crucial importance. Syrian refugees fact, a healthy society with Syrian refugees in Turkey, necessitates the fact of living together. This is because the attitude and behavior of the majority of Syrian refugees that they may no longer return to their countries necessitates the establishment of serious adaptation policies. The Government of the Republic of Turkey, the year 2019, dealing with the immigration problem in Turkey and has been declared as the year of solutions. This shows how important the need for this and similar studies of refugees is. The aim of this study is to determine the main problems of the Syrian refugees who are settled in Erzincan and to develop solutions for their problems and thus to provide better services. The population of the study consists of Syrian refugee families residing in Erzincan. The study group consisted of 6 randomly selected families. With this case study, first of all, it was tried to determine what the problems of Syrian migrants living in Erzincan are related to. In order to collect research data, a semi-structured interview form was developed by the researchers. According to the findings of the research, it is seen that some of the Syrian refugee families do not solve the housing problems sufficiently. On the other hand, the results of the study revealed that Syrian refugee family children cannot use Turkish in both verbal and written communication. The results of the research reveal that Syrian refugees living in Erzincan have also had great problems in finding employment and employment. In the provision of healthy adjustment in the direction of Syrian refugees in Turkey it has been suggested that research results should receive general cultural education with functional literacy.

INVESTIGATE THE SOCIAL SELF-PERCEPTION LEVELS OF SCHOOL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS STUDENTS (SAMPLE OF ADIYAMAN PROVINCE)

Hande İNAN,; Emine KARAKAPLAN ÖZER , Gamze MURATHAN — 2026-07-16

The aim of this study is to investigate the social self-perception levels of the students studying at Adıyaman University School of Physical Education and Sports according to various variables. The sample group of the study consisted of 196 volunteer students, 73 female and 123 male, from the students of Adıyaman University School of Physical Education and Sports. The “Personal Information Form geliştiril developed by the researcher as a data collection tool and Şahin et al. (1994) developed by the ’Social Comparison Scale’ ’was used. The data were analyzed with SPSS 22.00 package program. In the statistical analysis of the data; Mann Whitney U test statistical method was used. According to the findings of the study, it was concluded that there was no significant difference between gender and department variables and social self-perception scores. In addition, there was a significant difference between the age variable and social self-perception scores of the students.

THE COUNTRY GROWING IN THE SHOULDER OF WOMEN: KYRGYZSTAN

Selahattin AVŞAROĞLU,, Kadiyan BOOBEKOVA — 2026-07-16

After the collapse of the Soviets in 1991, Kyrgyzstan experienced radical, political and economic changes. In this study, the studies of women in the society towards the development of the family and the situations that the family is exposed to, the domestic violence, its psychological and social effects on children, and the problems observed in children's behavior are discussed. In the families of the unemployed who were forced to continue their daily lives with the distribution of the Soviets, many women started to go to the markets as migrant workers and later to sell food or small items in order to establish a good future for their children and improve their living standards. Because of these reasons, many children in today's Kyrgyzstan are raised in dispersed families. Kyrgyzstan In today's conditions, with the effect of socio-economic developments in the society, the family gradually declined from the traditional understanding, lost its importance, weakened the bond between the family members and new types of fragmented families. The children, who are left unattended in the society, have faced various social and psychological problems. In addition to this, the fact that women started working in all areas of society and going abroad with their expatriate understanding provided a new identity development. Kyrgyz women have developed a positive perception of their self and social identity. Therefore, the growth and development of the country has become related to their work and production. It can be said that Kyrgyz women will contribute to the economy of the country in the near future if the Kyrgyz state, by developing and paving the way for women, to improve their working and employment fields by law.

The Effect Of Repeated Reading Of Digital Texts On The Fluency Reading And Comprehension Skills of Primary 4th Grade Students

Bahadır SOYDAŞ,, İhsan Seyit ERTEM — 2026-07-16

The aim of this study is to determine the effect of repeated reading of digital text of the fourth grade students' fluency (speed, accuracy, prosody) and comprehension skills. The study was carried out in the first semester of 2018-2019 Academic Year with 21 students from fourth grade in a public school in Kırşehir. In the eight-week practice, repeated reading and comprehension activities were conducted with the students each week with a different digital text. In this study, a single group which is one of the quasi-experimental designs pre test-post test model was used. In the study, as data collection tools, it were used “Miscue Analysis Inventory”, “Prozodic Reading Scale” and “Reading Comprehension Test”. According to the results of the study, the reading speed has increased, the reading errors have decreased and prozodic readings have improved of the students. At the same time, it was also seen a progress in the reading comprehension skills. In the light of the results obtained from the study, it is seen that repeated reading is an effective method for students to improve their fluent reading and comprehension skills. In addition, if educators can use digital texts correctly and in a planned manner, they can use them as an effective tool in developing students' fluency and comprehension skills.

AS A CONCEPT OF POLİTİCAL LEADERSHİP CHARİSMATİC LEADERSHİP: PEOPLE ALLİANCE EXAMPLE

İsmail Cem FERİDUNOĞLUİsmail Cem FERİDUNOĞLU, — 2026-07-16

This study aims to explain the concepts of charisma, rulership, and leadership and to exemplify the phenomenon of People's Alliance within the scope of these concepts. The nature of charisma and charismatic leadership constitutes a very popular research area today. For example, leadership experts have discussed the importance of impression management. Charismatic leaders have been suggested to participate in impression management techniques to strengthen their images of perfection and to increase the loyalty and faith in themselves. Or it is reported that charismatic political leaders can be distinguished from other leaders by using articulation and impression management applications to enable their followers to chase in pursuit of a vision. Today, generally the tendency towards focusing on personality issues such as the charisma of leaders is more frequently related to organizational contexts compared to previous periods. At the same time, dramatic viewpoints on leadership and charisma have emerged and fantasies, intuitions, visions, and other mental activities have been recognized to play a role in leadership, too. In this study, the method, which can be named as "interpretative study of concepts", is used.

EFFECTS OF SPORTS EDUCATION ON SELF-CARE, SOCIAL AND ACADEMIC SKILLS IN INDIVIDUALS WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS

İrfan TANER,; Fikret RAMAZANOĞLU ; Salim İbrahim ONBAŞI , Elif Tuğçe KAVAS — 2026-07-16

The research shows that sports training, which will last 16 weeks, has a significant impact on self-care, social and academic skills in individuals with autism spectrum disorders. 6 adult individuals (4 boys, 2 girls) with autism spectrum disorders, aged between 16-23, participated in the study. In the experimental model study, values before and after sports training were compared. The statistics were evaluated using SPSS 21.0 statistical package program. Claw strength with test battery, vertical jump, long jump by stop, flexibility development, self-care, socialization, academic test data were primarily subjected to normality testing. The shapirowilk test was used in the normality test. As a result of the statistical operation, it was determined that the data was not suitable for normal distribution. For this reason, Wilcoxon marked rows test was used in the analysis of the data. The data is analyzed with the SPSS 21.0 package program. The significance level of statistical operations was 0.05. As a result; based on the findings of the study, it was ensured that adults with autism spectrum disorder who had sports education and progressed in sports education had increased self-confidence at the end of 16 weeks. With the development of self-care skills, the development of self-care skills with the development of the joint muscle system, the development of academic skills with the development of the nervous muscular system has been provided.

HISTORY OF BLACK CODES AND JIM CROW LAWS

Zeki EDİS, — 2026-07-16

President Andrew Johnson, who took over Abraham Lincoln's efforts to abolish slavery, completed his task, Reconstruction policies began in 1865, and Thirteenth Amendment was added to the U.S. Constitution. However, southern states, which aimed to reinstall slavery, enacted Black Codes. Codes restricted the rights of freedmen and kept African Americans dependant to the white supremacy and prohibited free blacks from owning private premises, serving in military, voting at the elections, etc. Some states had more codes that are humane while others strictly controlled black population for fear of their revenge. Black codes began with Mississippi to prevent blacks from gaining power, in many cases charged fines, and hired free blacks as free labour. Black codes classified under four headings were Civil Right, Vagrancy, Apprentice and Penal Laws. Jim Crow laws were enacted ‘n 1890s until 1965. Instead of restrictions of codes, Jim Crow laws implemented racial discrimination, prohibited mixing of whites, and coloured ones. It was continuation of black codes and aimed to broaden it. Jim Crow laws separated public facilities of whites and blacks, and used provided worse facilities to coloured people. Thus avoided interracial mixing and caused a hatred and segregation between races legally, furthermore blacks were treated same as pets and were forbidden to enter some facilities. Today, traces of segregation still show its effects. Centennial conflict almost encoded in their DNAs. This paper argues Black Codes and Jim Crow Laws, which left its mark on the history of United States.

FACTORS AFFECTING TEAMWORK: A STUDY IN ARTVIN PROVINCIAL SAFETY ORGANIZATION

Nevin AYDIN, — 2026-07-16

Teamwork can be easily practiced in almost all areas of daily life. Teamwork can be defined as group members working together to achieve a common goal. Teamwork and consequently team performance have a significant impact on the strategy of companies. As a result of the successful implementation of the teamwork, the performance of the employees within the team will increase, thus enabling them to be more productive and will make them stand out in the race with their competitors. The biggest advantage of teamwork is that the performance of the employees will create a great synergy. In this study, the effect of teamwork on employee performance was investigated. A questionnaire including 32 questions with Likert Scale was used. A questionnaire was given to 107 officers of the police in Artvin and its districts and the collected data were analyzed with SPSS.22. This study showed that all selected factors had a significant relationship with teamwork. This study found that Effective Communication, Confidence Level, Leadership and Accountability have a positive and significant effect on employee performance.