Internal And External Influences On The Disintegration And Collapse Of The Mahdist State In Sudan (1885 - 1899)
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Abstract
Bu makale 1885-189 döneminde Mehdist devletin dağılması ve çöküşündeki iç ve dış etkileri ve rollerini incelemektedir. Araştırmacı, Mahdia devletinin gücünü zayıflamada önemli bir rol oynayan iç ve dış faktörlerin olduğu ve daha sonra çökmesine yol açtığı sonucuna vardı. Makale giriş ve iki ana bölümden oluşmaktadır. Makalenin girişinde, araştırmacı Mahdia devletinin ortaya çıkışını, gelişim aşamalarını ve daha sonra Müslüman toplumda Mahdia fikrinin ortaya çıkışını tartışıyor. Araştırmacı ayrıca, Mahdia devletinin parçalanmasına ve düşmesine yol açan iç etkileri de beş başlıkta özetliyor. Birincisi: İlk Mehdi devletinin kurucusu ve Mehdi'nin umudu gibi görünen Mehdi'nin kişiliği ile temsil edilen manevi faktörün yokluğu. İkincisi: Anzak ülkesinin bazı illerinde iktidara ulaşmak için patlak veren siyasi devrimler. Üçüncüsü: Mutlak güç elde etmeyi amaçlayan, ancak devletin yaşam tarzına müdahale etmesi ve onu içinde yaşadığı geleneksel yaşam sistemlerine aykırı yasalara ve düzenlemelere zorlaması sonucu ortaya çıkan aşiret devrimleri. Dördüncüsü: Ekonomik ve teknik açıdan temsil edilen devletin zayıflığı, çünkü bu faktör devletin çöküşü üzerinde derin bir etkiye sahipti. Halbuki devletin sivil ve askeri düzeydeki harcamalarını karşılayabilecek ekonomik gücü yoktu. Ayrıca, devletin, savunmanın kendisi için gelişmiş silahlar üretmesini sağlayacak herhangi bir endüstriyel gelişmesi yoktu. Beşinci: Yabancı istihbarat, yabancı ajanlar ve istihbarat ajanları devletin sırlarını gözetlerken, zayıf ve ekonomik ve askeri yetenekleri hakkındaki bilgilerinin ortaya çıkmasına neden oldu. Buna göre, Mahdia devletini beklemeye ve ortadan kaldırmak için uygun fırsatı aramaya başladı. Bu makalenin ikinci bölümü iki ana başlık içermektedir. İlk konuda araştırmacı Mahdia devletinin dış politikasının başarısızlığını ve devletin çöküşü üzerindeki etkisini tartışıyor. İkinci konuya gelince, araştırmacı, Mahdia devletinin ve topraklarının mülkünü işgal eden Avrupa sömürge genişlemesi ile ilgileniyor ve bu da 1898-1956 arasındaki İngiliz sömürgeciliği egemenliğinde ülkenin çöküşüne ve düşüşüne yol açtı.
Keywords
Abstract
This article examines the internal and external influences and their role in the disintegration and collapse of the Mahdist state during the period 1885-189. The researcher concluded that there are internal and external factors that played a major role in weakening the power of the Mahdia state and then led to its downfall. The article includes entry and two main sections. In the entrance to the article, the researcher discusses the emergence of the Mahdia state, the stages of its development, and then the emergence of the idea of Mahdia in the Muslim community. The researcher also discusses the internal effects that led to the disintegration and the fall of the Mahdia state, which he summarizes in five topics. First: the absence of the spiritual factor represented by the personality of the Mahdi, who is considered the founder of the first Mahdia state and the pretender of the prospect of the Mahdi. Second: The political revolutions that broke out in some provinces of the country Anzac to reach power. Third: Tribal revolutions, which were not aimed at obtaining absolute power, but arose as a result of the state interfering in its lifestyle and forcing it to laws and regulations that contradict the traditional systems of life in which it lives. Fourth: The weakness of the state, which is represented in the economic and technical aspects, as this factor had a profound impact on the fall of the state. Whereas, the state did not have enough economic power to enable it to cover its expenditures at the civil and military levels. Also, the state did not have any recent industrial advancement that would enable it to manufacture advanced weapons for the defense itself. Fifth: Foreign intelligence, as foreign agents and intelligence agents spied on the state's secrets, which led to exposing its weaknesses and knowledge of its economic and military capabilities. Accordingly, she began to wait in wait for the Mahdia state and search hard for the appropriate opportunity to eliminate it. The second section of this article includes two main topics. In the first topic, the researcher discusses the failure of the foreign policy of the Mahdia state and its impact on the fall of the state. As for the second topic, the researcher deals with the European colonial expansion that invaded the property of the Mahdia state and its territories, which led to its fall and the fall of the country under the rule of British colonialism that spanned from 1898 - 1956.
Keywords
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