Author :
DOI : 10.31576/smryj.540
Year-Number: 2020-32
Language : null
Konu :
Abstract
Yaşlılık kendini biyolojik, psikolojik ve sosyolojik olmak üzere farklı boyutlarda göstermektedir. Vücudun yapısal ve işlevsel değişimi biyolojik yaşlanmayı gösterirken, davranış değişiklikleri ve davranışsal uyum yeteneğinin yaşa bağlı değişimi psikolojik yaşlanmayı göstermektedir. Bireyin yaş ile birlikte gelişim sürecindeki toplumsal değişimi, statüsünün ve beklentilerinin değişimi ise sosyolojik yaşlanmayı ifade etmektedir. Türkiye’deki yaşlılık çalışmalarının en önemli konusu yaşlıların sağlık durumlarına yönelik yapılan araştırmalardır. Diğer yandan yaşlıların ekonomik durumları, sosyal ilişkileri, yaşam memnuniyetine ilişkin durumları yaşlılık çalışmaları literatüründe önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Bu çalışma yaşlılık çalışmalarına farklı bir bakış açısı getirmektedir. Yaşlı bireylerin sosyal bir varlık olduğundan yola çıkarak, sosyalleşmenin önemli bir noktası olan yemek ve yiyecekler konusundan yaşlı çalışmalarına önemli bir katkı sağlamaktadır. Araştırma, Türkiye’de yaşlı bireyler için özellikle çıkarılan “Altın Ekmek” ve Japonya’daki yaşlı bireyler için yeniden üretilen yiyecekleri ele almaktadır.
Keywords
Abstract
Old age manifests in many different dimensions such as biological, psychological and sociological. Structural and functional change of the body represents biological aging while changes in behavior and behavioral adaptation skill represent psychological aging. The changes in the social, status and expectations of an individual represent sociological aging. Most of the studies in Turkey on aging examine the health condition of the elderly. On the other hand, the economic status, social relations, life satisfaction of the elderly holds an important place in the literature on the geriatric studies. This study offers a different perspective to the geriatric studies. Based upon the fact that the elderly individuals are social entities, foods, which are an important part of socializing, highly contribute to the geriatric studies. The study examines "Golden Bread” which is especially produced for the elderly in Turkey and the food reproduced for the elderly in Japan.
Keywords
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- Individuals have used symbols to organize their lives in an order ever since the ancient times. Forexample, the symbol of the 19th century is a staircase. It was believed that human life is composedof stairs and the humans step onto the first stair when they are born and continue their journey untilthey step onto the last stair when they die. The other stairs between the first and last stair areconsidered as "ups" and "downs". Today, the "staircase" symbol is obsolete and "ups" and "downs"are expressed as periods. The terms childhood, youth, adulthood and old age are today's views of the desire to regulate human life (quoted from Wahl and Heyl by Tufan, 2018, s. 229).
- According to the perception of the society, the effort to determine a chronological time for thebeginning of the old age period brings about the grouping of all elderly individuals into the samecategory. This condition causes many situations to be affected negatively in terms of living criteria(Bektaş, 2017, s. 17). For example, the increase in the number of elderly individuals means anincrease in the number of individuals who cannot care for themselves, and who have healthproblems and need care services. Therefore, aging of the society is seen as a problem. However, themain purpose expected from the elderly individuals is to preserve the balance between theexpectations and the knowledge, skills and abilities of the individual. It is to find a balance in terms of both safety and independence while doing so (Tufan, 2018, s. 5).
- Demographic aging defines the change of age structure of a population within a populationstructure. It is the decrease in the share of children and young people in the population and therelative increase of the older population over 65 years of age. In other words, it represents theproportional increase of the individuals defined as elderly. The fact that the rate of the elderlypopulation of a country is over 7 percent to the total population indicates that the country has an elderly population (Arpacı, 2005, s. 269).
- Although the onset of aging, which is accepted according to age-based evaluations, is 65 years old,the “old age period” is now divided into third, fourth and fifth periods, depending on theprolongation of the life expectancy of individuals. Third age represents "opportunity" period, fourth age "restriction" period and fifth age "dependence" period (Tufan, 2018, s. 230).
- According to the new age range list of the World Health Organization, age range between 65 and 80is considered as "Middle Age" while age range between 80 and 99 is considered as "Elderly" (Gökçek Karaca, 2019, s. 256).
- The increase in the elderly population or the aging of the population affects the social life in allaspects from the health to social security, from environmental issues to education, from social andcultural activities to family life. Therefore, the social aging has the potential to transform theeconomic, political, social and cultural structure of the whole country (Ceylan, 2015, s. 74-75). Themost important indicators of this rapid demographic transition, which shows the fast aging processin the world, are the decrease in the birth rates in response to the prolonged life expectancy(Canatan, 2012, s. 357). Prolongation of life expectancy causes differences in the old age perceptionof the societies. As Tufan (2018, s. 298) states, the relation between the old age and povertydecreases in developed industrial countries whereas in Turkey, old age equals to poverty. Ashealthy elderly individuals increase in European countries, there is a strong relation between theelderly and sickness in Turkey. While nursing indigence is experienced in late periods in developedcountries, it is considered as a problem of the early old age period in Turkey. In this regard, whenthe studies on the field of geriatrics in Turkey are examined, studies can be found within theframework of old age, health problems and nursing indigence. Therefore, it can be said that old ageis examined as a problem in Turkey. Table 1 shows the distribution of population in Turkeyaccording to the 2018 Age Groups. According to this, age range between 0 and 14 constitutes 23.4percent of the population. Young population between 15 and 24 age range is at 15.7 percent. Theratio of those in the 25-29 age groups in the total population is 7.6 percent, 7.7 percent in the 30-34age group, and 8 percent in the 35-39 age groups. The age range of 40-64 is considered in theelderly category for business life. Another problem is that retirement age is high in many countries,thus, individuals between the ages of 40 and 64 are considered too old to work, but too young forretirement. In Turkey, it is seen that individuals in this age range have the highest percentage in the total population. The ratio of the individuals in 40-64 age range is 28.9 percent in Turkey.
- According to the 2018 age classification of World Health Organization (WHO), the ratio of theindividuals in the age range between 65 and 79, who are considered in the period of "Middle Age”,is 6.9 percent in Turkey. While the ratio of the individuals in the age range between 80 and 99, whoare considered as "Elderly", constitutes 1.7 percent of the total population. In 2018, the ratio of theindividuals above 100 years old and more, who are classified in "Advanced Old Age" period, were 6 per thousand.
- Aging and old age will not only be a problem of the society for the coming years, but will alsoappear as a problem of the system. The reason for this is that the individual problems are focused onwhile discussing old age and the problems of the elderly. However, the rapid increase in the numberof elderly people in the coming years will increase the number of layoffs due to age and increase thenumber of early retirees due to health problems. Furthermore, despite the prolonged life expectancy,it will be understood why old age must be seen as a problem of the system since it will causeshortening the lifespan and increasing the nursing indigence in some individuals based on the socialstratum. Therefore, old age should be defined as a problem of the system and a controllable socialstructure must be realized. A controllable social structure can be formed with social policies to be developed and implemented in solving the issues related to old age (Tufan, 2014, s. 43).
- According to the projection estimate of Turkish Statistical Institute, the total fertility rate perwoman in Turkey was 2.53 percent in 2000 while this rate decreased to 2.10 in 2020. The fertilityrate decreased 0.4 points in a period of 20 years. It is also expected to decrease one point in the nextfive years. The increase in the median age and the decrease in the birth rates accordingly and theincrease in the average life expectancy can be shown as reasons to this decrease. The age rangebetween 25 and 26 was accepted as median age in 2000 while age range between 32 and 33 isaccepted as median age in 2020. It is stated that the median age will increase and be accepted as 34in 2025. The increase of the median age also affects the population growth rate. The population growth rate has decreased by 2.1 points between 2000 and 2020, in a period of 20 years.
- According to 2025 population projections, life expectancy at birth was 71 years old in 2000, while itincreased to an average of 74 years in 2005 and 78 years in 2015. It is expected to reach the age of79 after 2022, and to reach 80 as of 2025. In 2025, this life expectancy is expected to be age of 77for men and age of 82 for women. When life expectancy increases as the fertility rate decreases, this situation is the most important indicator of an aging society.
- The increase in the life expectancy and the aging of the society are defined with the concept of"aging population". Biological and physiological aging represents the change in the organs andbody systems of an individual while psychological aging represents the character, perception andbehavior changes of an individual. On the other hand, sociological aging represents the socialproblems arising from the changes in the roles, relations and social interaction patterns of elderlyindividuals (Demirbilek, 2007, s. 134). One of these problems is the differentiation of eating needsdue to the decrease of physical capacity of elderly individuals and the distress caused by ingestingcertain foods. For example, elderly individuals should eat more healthily. In Japan, it is a knownfact that the place with the lowest rate of cardiovascular diseases is Okinawa and this is highlyrelated with nutrition. "Okinawa Diet" is frequently mentioned worldwide. The diet was studied bythe cardiologist Makoto Suzuki from Ryukyus University, who has been living in Okinawa since1970. The findings revealed that the key to this diet was diversity. 18 different foods are consumedon a daily average. The colors of the rainbow should be formed in order to find out whether thereare enough varieties on the table. Vegetables make up more than thirty percent of the daily calories.Rice is the main staple, three times less sugar is consumed than the rest of the world population, andseven grams of salt are consumed daily. The daily calorie intake is limited. Limiting the dailycalorie intake is the common trait of the places with the longest living individuals named as "Blue Zones"3.
- With the declaration of 2019 as the Elderly Year as a step in the successful aging of the agingpopulation in Turkey, a special bread, which everyone can consume, was especially produced forthe elderly and it contains some vitamins that the elderly must take daily. The bread produced byHalk Ekmek in Istanbul within the framework of the social responsibility project carried out withthe Istanbul University Geriatrics Department in order to produce bread suitable for elderlynutrition, will contribute to increasing the quality of life by meeting the daily nutrition needs of theelderly. Figure 1 shows the "Altın Bahar" bread produced in line with the nutrition needs of elderlyindividuals. It was put up for sale for the access of all elderly individuals by Halk Ekmek. It isstated that the daily required quality protein, calcium, vitamin D3, vitamin B12 and most of theenergy and fiber needs of the elderly will be met with the consumption of two of these breads.Therefore, it is stated that the frequency of bone loss due to muscle loss, calcium and vitamin Ddeficiency of elderly individuals will decrease and intestinal functions will improve with adequatefiber intake. Furthermore, it is stated that it may improve cognitive functions with its turmeric, vitamin B and omega 3 content (Güvemli, 2019).
- In addition to making nutrition suitable for older individuals, it is important to make certain foodssuitable for them since with aging, chewing and swallowing abilities of aging individuals changeand differ. Since the flavors from food cannot be dissolved in the saliva of the elderly, they startlosing their taste sensitivity. Chewing, tasting and biting abilities decrease due to the decreasingfunctions of the tongue. Especially the ability to chew can be troubling in the elderly that lose theirteeth in the later stages of old age. In the 1980s, a support need appeared in order to eliminate thechewing problems of the elderly in Japan. In 1994, Japan Ministry of Health specified certain rulesfor foods that cause chewing problems. Foods should be liquefied, but this liquid food should bethick and smooth. Therefore, this kind of food must be cold (Sugimoto, 2013, s. 3). In this way, itwill prevent the elderly from pouring liquid food or preventing choking due to food, including solidones. In addition, these kind of foods will be easier to consume since they won't require too muchchewing. In Figure 2, salmon and the potatoes next to it have been redesigned and transformed intoa shape that the elderly can consume more easily. Tomato is not a vegetable that can be consumedeasily in terms of eating due to its seedy and juicy structure. Due to the possibility of the seedssticking into the throat and the problems experienced in the consumption of juicy vegetables, thereare jelly-formed tomatoes in Japan considering the elderly. Figure 3 shows the jelly-formedtomatoes. Figure 7 shows a menu consisting of jelly-formed dishes. Thus, it is of great importanceto make foods easier for the elderly to consume or to popularize the foods that enable the intake of vitamins and minerals that should be taken by enriching the content.
- 3 Blue Zones; are defined as places where people live longer compared to the anywhere on Earth. Okinawa-Japan, Sardinia-Italy, Loma Linda-California, Nicoya Peninsula-Costa Rica and Ikaria-Greece are located in the Blue Zones. The secret of a long life in the Blue Zones is associatedwith nutrition, exercise, having a purpose in life, strong social connections and good familial relationships. This causes elderly individuals to live longer than anywhere else in the world (Garcia and Miralles, 2017, s. 18-19).
