Author :
DOI : 10.31576/smryj.378
Year-Number: 2019-25
Language : null
Konu :
Abstract
İnsanların hayatta kalması zorunlu ihtiyaçların karşılanmasına bağlıdır. Beslenmenin, hayati öneme sahip insanların temel ihtiyaçlarından biri olduğu açıktır. Son yıllarda hane halkı tüketim harcamalarındaki gıda harcamaları yıllara göre değişmiştir. Değişiklikleri ortaya çıkarmak için, 2007-2017 yılları arasında hanehalkı tüketim harcamaları araştırılmış ve TUİK verilerine göre yıllara göre gıda harcamalarındaki değişiklikler incelenmiştir. Gıda harcamalarının diğer harcamalarla korelasyonu, gıda harcamalarındaki gelir gruplarına göre değişim ve diğer harcama gruplarıyla karşılaştırılması temel alınarak birçok parametre incelenip yorumlanmıştır. Gıda ve alkolsüz içecekler tüketimi harcamalarının Konut ve kira ve haberleşme harcama kalemleriyle güçlü bir pozitif ilişkiye sahip olduğu bulunmuştur. Elde edilen ilginç sonuçlardan biri, Gıda ve alkolsüz içecekler grubu harcamalarının ilk % 20 gelir grubundaki payının 2007-2017 yılları arasında düşmediği, ancak bu payın diğer gruplarda azaldığıdır.
Keywords
Abstract
Nutrition is one of the basic necessities of humans bearing vital importance . In recent years, food expenditures in household consumption expenditures have changed. To reveal the changes, household consumption expenditures between 2007-2017 were studied and the changes in food expenditures as to years have been investigated according to data from The Turkish Statistical Institute. Many relations were searched such as the correlation of food expenditures with other expenditures, changes in food expenditures according to the income groups and comparison with other expenditure groups. Interesting results were found and interpreted. It was found that food and non-alcoholic beverages consumption expenditures had a strong positive relationship with housing and rent and communication expenditures items. One of the other interesting result was that the share of Food and non-alcoholic beverages expenditures in the first 20% income group did not decrease between 2007-2017 but this share decreased in the other income groups.
Keywords
- Consumption was dealt with by economists such as Keynes (1936), Pigou (1941), Duesenberyy(1949), Friedman (1957), Ando and Modigliani (1963), Davidson (1978), Hall (1978). Classicaleconomists were more interested in the sharing of income and production issues than consumption.According to classics, the most important factor determining consumption is the interest rate, there isa negative relationship between interest rate and consumption; , As the interest rate rises, consumptiondecreases, savings increase, as the interest rate decreases, consumption increases, savings are reduced. “
- Keynes explains his views on consumption with the "Absolute Income Hypothesis”. Accordingly,the consumption of a period is a function of that period's (current) income. Consumption and savingsincrease as real available income increases in the current period (Keynes, 1936:57). This relationshipbetween consumption and income is explained by consumption function. Keynes's consumptionfunction is considered as the function that establishes the relationship between consumptionexpenditures and real usable income (C = C0 + cYd) of all individuals in society. Here, C =Consumption, C0: Consumption to be made in case of zero income, ie.autonomous consumption, c: Marginal consumption trend, Y: Income (Unsal,2011:164).
- According to J.Duesenberry's Relative Income Hypothesis,, the consumption of the individualdepends not only on the current period income but also on the relative income. Relative income isdefined as the place that a consumer occupies in the distribution of all consumers' income in thesociety. According to Duesenberry, the consumption behavior of the individual depends not only onthe income of the individual as Keynes stated, but also on the consumption of the individuals in his /her immediate surroundings and consumption of the individual also depends on the highest income level of him or her in the past (Aslan,2011: 76).
- According to " Intertemporal Consumption Function " developed by İ.Fisher, consumption is definedaccording to the two life periods of the individual: The first one is the period of his / her youth andthe second is the period of old age. The individual may consume the whole of the current income bynot thinking about the future in the first period and may even make consumption above the currentincome level by borrowing. In the second period, he/she may prefer future consumption to the currentconsumption. In this case, he/she saves money to get interest reducing consumption. In the secondperiod, the consumption to be made by the individual will be as much as the interest obtained from the income and savings in that period (Mankiw;2010:517).
- According to the "Lifetime Income Hypothesis " developed by Franco Modigliani, Albert Ando,Richard Brumberg the income of the individual is low in the early stages of life, increases in themiddle ages where he gained experience and decreases again in the last period of his life (Ando andModigliani, 1963). However, the individual normally tends to maintain a constant or increasedconsumption throughout life. In the mature period where the individual income is high, he/she makesa positive saving to maintain a stable consumption throughout his/her life. Therefore, changes inincome do not affect the level of consumption (consumption flattening). Therefore, consumptiondepends not only on the current income but on the income it expects to achieve for life. The basicstarting point of this approach is that people prefer a stable consumption pattern instead of a variable consumption pattern (Paya,2013).
- The allocation of a high proportion of household budgets to food may be a sign of poverty, so aquantitative analysis of the share of food in total expenditure is a very important problem. In theabsence of a universally accepted method of calculating poverty, household expenditure can be used to serve as an indicator of the inequality of wealth distribution (Dudek,2011).
- In the study of içinde Household Income and Consumption Expenditures Surveys conducted byYukseler in 1994, 2002 and 2003, it was determined that the share of food expenditures in consumption expenditures decreased gradually (Yukseler,2005).
- Altunç et al. (2016), by analyzing the household expenditures in Muş province in Turkey with theEngel Curve has found that the share of food expenditures decreases as income level increases and it is concluded that Engel Law is valid in Muş province.
- In the study, "Household Budget Survey" of Turkey Statistics Institute data covering 2007-2017period was used. COICOP is the system used in the classification of all goods and servicesexpenditures made by the household during the survey month. There are three different versions tobe used in the COICOP classification, Purchasing Power (PPP), Consumer Price Index (CPI) andHousehold Budget Survey (HBS). The COICOP classification used in the Household Budget Survey (HBS) is collected on the basis of 12 expenditure groups. These:
- Group 12: Various goods and services(TUİK,2017).
- The table below shows the distribution of household consumption expenditure as to groups by years between 2007-2017.
- Table 1 - Distribution of household consumption expenditures 2007-2017 (%) Source: TUİK, Household Budget Survey, 2018
- Pearson Correlation analysis was used to determine the relationships between the data in the table. Thecorrelation values calculated between expenditures were interpreted as to the criteria given by Evans in 1996. Evans gave the following comments for Pearson's correlation coefficient:
- Table: 2 - Household consumption expenditure correlations( 2007-2017)
- consumption shares has strong negative relation between Furniture, home appliances and home care.The data above has been interpreted as follows: Between 2007 and 2017, household consumptionexpenditures behavior has changed. Dining out, accommodation and traveling habits have increased,so there has been a decrease in food expenditures. The increase in household average income by years have resulted in an increase in welfare level.
- In the period from 2007 to 2017, the share of basic expenditures decreased, Transport share andRestaurant, hotel expenditures share increased. Considering this data, it has been interpreted thathouseholds have increased their habit of eating outdoors over the years and therefore families havedeveloped socially. Secondly, the share of food expenditure among the income groups was examined.Table: 3 - Change in the share of spending on food and non-alcoholic beverages by income groups 2007-2017 Total
- Third %20 Fourth %20 Fifth %202007 23,64 34,78 29,17 26,02 22,61 18,282008 22,64 33,71 27,26 25,21 22,23 17,17Mean 20,95 30,86 26,08 23,35 20,66 15,73
- From 2007 to 2017, food expenditure share of all income groups decreased. The biggest decrease wasin the first 20% income group with an average of 3.92%. In order to investigate the cause of thisdecline in the share of food expenditures, the share of expenditures of the first 20% income group was examined.
- Chart 4: Consumption expenditure shares of the first 20% income group in 2007-2017
- Table: 5 - Correlation of the First 20% income groups share of food and non-alcoholic beverages with other expenditure shares (2007-2017)
- Finally, the correlations between the Food and non-alcoholic beverages expenditure share and otherexpenditure shares for 5 income groups were analyzed according to the data of The Turkish Statistical Institute between 2007-2017. The correlation analysis is given in the table below.
- Table: 6 Correlation table between Food and non-alcoholic beverages expenditure shares and other expenditure shares of income groups (2007-2017).
- As a result of analysis of the data obtained from the study: 2007 to 2017 up to the time during the last11 years, the share of household spending in Turkey was mainly in Housing, water, heating, etc. andFood and non-alcoholic beverages. Transportation and Restaurants, hotels spending have been found to be particularly noticeable in recent years.
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